Four Stable Particles

Of the six particles described so far, only four are stable. The neutron cannot exist for long outside atomic nuclei, and the positron will quickly find an electron to combine with to produce a photon.

While positrons are highly reactive, combining readily with electrons, neutrons simply fall apart.

The only subatomic particles that are stable enough to exist freely in nature are:

• Proton = 2177 charged quanta in the open state (1089 positive and 1088 negative)
• Electron = 3 charged quanta in the open state (1 positive and 2 negative)
• Photon = 6 charged quanta in the closed state (3 positive and 3 negative)
• Neutrino = 1 neutral quantum in the closed state

The physics laid out in this book doesn’t require a neutron, and doesn’t treat it as a fundamental particle. Instead, it’s considered a composite. It’s a proton with an electron attached to it.

The fact that the proton is incapable of holding onto the electron is telling. It indicates that the electric force, supposedly very strong in the close vicinity of a proton, isn’t really there. A proton cannot hold onto an electron for much more than fifteen minutes.

A stray electron hitting a lone proton will not produce a neutron. The electron will bounce. If the electron has sufficient energy to escape the pull of the proton, it will disappear into space. If not, the electron will be pulled back down to the proton for another bounce.