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If zero-point neutrinos make up the electric force that keeps molecules from flying apart, they must be very small and also very abundant. They must be everywhere zipping back and forth, communicating the electric force on their way from one place to another.

Similarly, zero-point photons must be both abundant and small in order to be available inside materials to be kicked up in energy, and to communicate the magnetic force in the presence of moving charges.

These particles, which constitute the aether, must be the smallest of all particles. Being undetectable, except through their manifestation as force, they must also be without energy, or with so little energy that they can’t be detected.

One up in energy from zero-point photons, we have radio-wave photons. These particles are known to pass through most materials. Cell phones work inside buildings, cars and elevators. Radio-wave photons are almost as good at passing through materials as zero-point particles.

Radio-wave photons appear to be only a little bigger than zero-point photons.

Then there’s visible light. These photons have more energy than radio-wave photons. The fact that they have problems going through most materials suggests to us that they are larger.

The most energetic photons are x-rays and gamma-rays. These are able to go through many materials. However, they are destructive. They go through walls like bullets through a net. They may not hit anything, in which case no damage is done, or they hit something and cause damage.

Unlike radio-waves, x-rays rarely change their direction on travelling through a material. They get through it in a straight line or they are stopped by hitting into something on their way. There is little scatter.

This is why x-rays are used to make pictures of bones and the like inside our bodies. They produce nice sharp images, shaded according to how many of the x-ray photons were stopped on their way.

However, their destructive nature prevent us from taking such pictures frequently. They can cause cancer and radiation sickness.

Even more dangerous are gamma-rays. They are the most energetic of all photons. So energetic that they sometimes pop, in which case they make the transition from being photons to being an electron-positron pair.

It’s as if gamma-ray photons are so large that they cannot be made larger. Any collision that adds energy to a gamma-ray photon causes it to pop.

From this, we can conclude that the energy of photons are directly related to their size. The more energetic a photon is, the bigger it is.

As we will see, this can be used to explain both refraction and diffraction in optics.

Neutrino, zero-point photon, radio-wave photon, visible photon, gamma-ray photon and electron
Neutrino, zero-point photon, radio-wave photon, visible photon, gamma-ray photon and electron

This Post Has 2 Comments

  1. Wonderful web site! I just ordered the print versions of Universe of Particles and 5th Empire from Amazon. FYI, on the investing side, I very much like Mark Spitznagel’s 2013 book The Dao of Capital, which basically recommends an index ETF such as VT or VTI, with a 5% LEAPS option as a guardrail against market corrections.

    The figure shows the electron as being large compared to conventional photons, but electron microscopy can image smaller things than is possible with light microscopy (https://old-ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-1-cell-biology/12-ultrastructure-of-cells/electron-microscopy.html).

    How does Universe of Particles reconcile this?

    1. To produce a clear image of something very small, we need particles that move in straight lines, and high energy particles like x-rays and electrons move in straighter lines than photons. It is also important that the impact on the receiver is precise. The particle has to be big relative to its associated pilot wave, and again, we get that high-energy particles are better.

      This is why electron microscopes produce clearer images than optical microscopes.

      The fact that electrons, in my book, are larger than photons doesn’t affect this because the objects being imaged are a lot larger than electrons. It’s the electrons’ ability to move in straighter lines, and leave more precise marks, that make them superior when imaging small things.

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